Listwise VLM Feedback Improves Robot Reward Learning

Srivalli Katkuri, Maxwell Kawada, Juan Wachs· August 27, 2026 View original

Key takeaways

  • Listwise VLM feedback offers a more efficient way to learn reward functions for AI agents.
  • The Plackett-Luce model enables VLMs to rank multiple outcomes simultaneously, unlike pairwise methods.
  • This approach shows comparable or superior performance to traditional methods in robotic manipulation tasks.
  • The flexibility of adjustable ranking sizes allows for better adaptation to diverse environments.

Who benefits

RoboticsManufacturingLogisticsAutonomous Systems

Summary

This paper introduces a new framework, combining VLM-generated preferences with the Plackett-Luce model, to enable listwise rankings for reward learning in reinforcement learning. It demonstrates that this approach can train robotic policies as effectively as or better than pairwise methods, offering greater flexibility in feedback format.

Current methods for training AI agents using vision-language models (VLMs) often rely on pairwise comparisons to learn reward functions. This new research proposes a more efficient "listwise" approach, leveraging the Plackett-Luce model to allow VLMs to rank multiple outcomes simultaneously. This method moves beyond comparing just two observations at a time, making better use of the VLM's capabilities. The framework was tested on robotic manipulation tasks, specifically Meta-World environments. Results show that the listwise Plackett-Luce reward models perform comparably to or even outperform traditional pairwise and other baseline methods in terms of success rate. The flexibility to use different ranking sizes (K=3, 4, 5) is a key advantage, allowing adaptation to various environments and feedback needs.

Why it matters

Professionals developing AI agents, especially in robotics or complex decision-making systems, can leverage this method to more efficiently train reward models using VLM feedback, potentially accelerating development and improving performance.

How to implement this in your domain

  1. 1Explore integrating listwise preference learning into existing reinforcement learning pipelines.
  2. 2Design experiments to compare pairwise versus listwise VLM feedback for specific robotic or agent tasks.
  3. 3Adapt VLM-based ranking systems to generate listwise preferences for multiple candidate actions or outcomes.
  4. 4Evaluate the impact of different listwise ranking sizes (K) on training efficiency and policy performance.

Original post by Srivalli Katkuri, Maxwell Kawada, Juan Wachs

"arXiv:2608.25350v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Vision-language models (VLMs) have emerged as a powerful source of supervision for reinforcement learning, enabling agents to leverage rich semantic knowledge during training. Inspired by the success of preference-based reward learn…"

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