New Automata Improve Discounted-Sum Payoff Categorization

Nathalie Bertrand, Pranav Ghorpade, Senthil Rajasekaran, Sasha Rubin, Moshe Vardi· August 28, 2026 View original

Key takeaways

  • Categorizer automata efficiently bin continuous data based on discounted sums of rewards.
  • The new construction offers linear state space, improving on exponential complexity.
  • It enables synthesizing optimal policies for Markov Decision Processes with complex utility functions.
  • This method is exact for piecewise-constant utilities and epsilon-optimal for piecewise-Lipschitz utilities.

Who benefits

RoboticsAutonomous SystemsReinforcement LearningFinancial ModelingGame AI

Summary

This paper introduces categorizer automata, a deterministic automaton that efficiently categorizes continuous data into discrete bins based on discounted sums of rewards. It offers a linear-state space construction, significantly improving upon exponential-state cross-products, and applies this to Markov decision processes for synthesizing policies that maximize expected utility, even with discontinuous utility functions.

Categorizing continuous data into discrete bins is a foundational task in artificial intelligence. This research introduces "categorizer automata," a new type of deterministic automaton designed to read an infinite sequence of rewards and determine which of a finite number of bins contains its discounted sum. This concept generalizes comparator automata, which handle only two bins. A key technical advancement is the construction of a categorizer automaton with a state space that grows linearly with the number of bins, a significant improvement over the exponential growth seen when combining multiple comparator automata. The paper then applies these categorizer automata to Markov Decision Processes (MDPs), enabling the synthesis of policies that maximize the expected utility of a discounted-sum payoff. This method is exact for piecewise-constant utility functions and yields epsilon-optimal policies for piecewise-Lipschitz utility functions, all within pseudo-polynomial time.

Why it matters

This theoretical advancement offers more efficient and precise methods for decision-making in systems where continuous rewards need to be categorized and optimized over time, particularly in complex control or reinforcement learning scenarios.

How to implement this in your domain

  1. 1Explore the theoretical underpinnings for designing more efficient reward categorization systems in AI agents.
  2. 2Investigate how these automata could be applied to optimize policies in real-world Markov Decision Processes.
  3. 3Consider using this approach for systems requiring fine-grained control based on cumulative, discounted metrics.
  4. 4Evaluate the potential for improved performance in reinforcement learning tasks with complex reward structures.

Original post by Nathalie Bertrand, Pranav Ghorpade, Senthil Rajasekaran, Sasha Rubin, Moshe Vardi

"arXiv:2608.26763v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Categorizing continuous data into discrete bins is a fundamental operation in artificial intelligence. We introduce the categorizer automaton, a deterministic automaton that reads an infinite sequence of rewards and identifies which…"

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Originally posted by Nathalie Bertrand, Pranav Ghorpade, Senthil Rajasekaran, Sasha Rubin, Moshe Vardi on X · view source

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